A substance used for abrading – grinding – polishing – lapping, such as the natural materials Emery, Garnet, Flint, and Crocus, and the manufactured or electric furnace materials Aluminum Oxide, Silicon Carbide, and Zirconia Alumina. One of the three essential components of a coated abrasive product (backing, adhesive, abrasive grain).

Rough grinding metal parts to a desired size (roughing and shaping), and finishing them to required tolerance and surface finish (dimensioning and finishing) using coated abrasive belts.

Glued –up or lumber banded man-made board panels prior to intermediate sanding or the application of overlays.

Conformity in dimension to an exact standard.

A fine, solid material dispersed in the grain bond adhesive of a coated abrasive, which is chemically reactive during grinding to promote faster and/or smoother cutting action by the coated abrasive product. These materials are useful primarily in grinding stainless steels, other high nickel alloys, and titanium.

The substance used to bond the grain to the backing on a coated abrasive product.

Unfused aluminum oxide.

An abrasive made by fusing the mineral bauxite.

Anneal

To treat a metal, alloy, or glass with heat and then cooling, thereby removing internal stresses and making the material less brittle.

The spindle of the grinding machine on which the contact wheel or idler pulley is mounted.

The hole in the contact wheel or idler pulley sized to fit the machine arbor.

That portion of the circumference of the coated abrasive belt touching the work being ground, when on a contact wheel.

The total area of the grinding surface of a coated abrasive product in contact with the work being ground.

The average of a collection of numbers obtained by dividing the sum of the numbers by the quantity of the numbers. Also known as average.

A term used to describe a section of abrasive used in the loading of a Vonnegut Head Brush Sander. Available with the pieces either straight scored, staggered scored, or unscored, these cloth specialties are used for fine sanding of contoured wood parts when finishing is required without destroying character lines.

A system that ensures the coated abrasive belt runs true on a contact roll or idler. These automatic tracking systems are usually tight of all controllers and constantly adjust belts during operation to achieve ideal and consistent tracking.

A flexible or semi-rigid material to which abrasive grain is bonded by an adhesive. Paper, cloth, fibre and combination are the major backings used for coated abrasives.

A light grinding cut taken on the bottom (back) side of coil or sheet material, to relieve stresses from rolling and to prevent distortion from occurring during subsequent grinding operations on the finish side.

Smoothing the print side of coated abrasive backings to retard platen wear during use. The process is employed primarily for wide and narrow belt applications involving fine and coarse grit polyester products.

One of the most popular industrial abrasive belt machines for offhand or other grinding and finishing. Preferably floor-mounted, it usually provides tracking and tensioning controls. Work is applied to the contact wheel below the centerline.

Usually a rubber or composition type material to which an abrasive disc is attached. The back-up pad supports the disc during the grinding operation and is normally the same diameter or slightly smaller than the disc.

A piece in static balance is in dynamic balance if, upon rotating, there is no vibration nor "whip" action resulting from unequal distribution of its weight throughout its length.

A wheel or roll is in static balance when, centered on a frictionless horizontal arbor, it remains at rest in any position.

Spirally-wound and bonded to an inner liner, these cylindrically-shaped cloth specialties are used on expanding rubber drums for sanding and polishing hard-to-get-at corner, grooves, and contoured surfaces.

A spiral pattern produced on a workpiece during centerless or cylindrical grinding. Normally caused by improper operating conditions.

In rough lumber sanding, several boards of equal or unequal widths of the same relative thickness are accumulated side by side into a unit roughly equal to the width of the abrasive belt in use. This "batch" is then fed into the sander and all the boards are sanded

simultaneously.

A protective device covering the abrasive belt, which is normally an integral part of the grinding machine used to protect operators and bystanders from personal injury.

The area of an abrasive belt where the two ends are spliced together with an adhesive. See Butt Joint and Lap Joint.

A pattern left on the workpiece at regular intervals, normally caused by a belt joint specification that is not suitable for the application.

The force or strain put on a coated abrasive belt during use, normally expressed in pounds per inch of belt width.

An offhand grinding machine attached to a bench, usually has either one or two wheels mounted on a horizontal spindle.

(See Double Flex).

A pneumatic or hydraulic-actuated pressure roll used to apply pressure forcing the work against a wide coated abrasive belt.

Using abrasives to develop a consistent finish over an entire work-piece as on a welded area.

A unit of measurement for lumber equal to the volume of a board 12" x 12" x 1", i.e., 144 cubic inches.

An automobile body in the intermediate assembly stage having a "raw" metal surface at which time defects in the sheet metal surfaces are removed and repaired, and exposed metal-to-metal joints are filled with lead-solder.

See Adhesive.

A condition affecting one or both edges of a coated abrasive belt or roll. The belt or roll will arc or skew in one direction when laid out on the floor, instead of following a straight line. Normally one edge of the product is longer than the other.

Rolls positioned before and after the grinding heads, that pull down the side edges or center of the strip and open the surface of the steel to enhance the ability of the coated abrasive to remove the surface defects.

A hardness rating obtained from the Brinnel test; expressed in kilograms per square millimeter.

A test to determine the hardness of a material in which a steel ball, one centimeter in diameter, is pressed into the material with a standard force (usually 3,000 kilograms). The spherical surface area of indentation is measured and divided into the load with the results expressed as the Brinnel number.

The smoothing and brightening of a surface utilizing an abrasive compound pressed against it by soft wheel or belt.

A change in the characteristics of the workpiece being ground. Normally detected by a surface discoloration or distinct "burning" odor.

Using coated abrasives to create a special effect on a workpiece (refining the surface). Usually done to develop a smooth, lustrous surface finish on metal, leather, etc.

A thin, ragged tin left on the edge of a piece of metal by a cutting tool (including coated abrasives).

A metal or plastic insert used to alter the size of a center hole (primarily in rolls or Flap Wheels) to accommodate a smaller mandrel or arbor.

Two pieces of coated abrasive "butted" together (with no overlap) to form an endless belt. A very strong, thin, reinforcing patch is used on the back of the butt joint to hold it

together.

The assembly area in a furniture plant where case goods are sanded in-the-white, prior to staining.

Steel, rubber, or rolls of other composition, through which materials such as paper, steel, etc., pass to thin them into sheets or to make them smooth and glossy. A roll, usually rubber, that applies the adhesive (bond) to a coated abrasive backing prior to the grain coating.

A simplified system used to identify the various coated abrasive products.

See Pencils.

Any object (usually metal or plastic), which is formed by placing a (castable) substance in a mold or form, and allowing it to solidify through cooling.

Abrasive grinding and finishing the outside diameter of a round work-piece not mounted on conventional centers (See Centerless Grinding Application Section of manual).

Conical steel pins of a grinding machine upon which the workpiece is "centered" and rotated during grinding.

An undesirable, repetitive pattern created on the surface of a workpiece, usually at regularly-spaced intervals, due to an out-of-round or out-of-balance condition in the abrasive machine.

Small interrupted indentations or raised areas, appearing as a pattern, on a flat wood workpiece after sanding. Normally associated with wide belt or oscillating drum sander applications.

Pieces of material removed by an individual abrasive grain during the abrasive grinding operation.

A device for holding a workpiece being ground.

A process by which two or more (usually dissimilar, e.g., stainless steel and copper) metals are bonded together with heat and pressure, to form a composite surface without the use of any adhesive.

The workpiece is presented to the abrasive belt in the same direction the belt is running.

A coated abrasive product completely covered by abrasive grain on the coat side.

Products formed by bonding abrasive grain with an adhesive to a flexible or semi-rigid backing.

Refers to an operation that generates high lustre or ultra-fine finishes on metal surfaces using buffing wheels and compounds.

A strong-coated abrasive backing made by adhering print cloth to 110 pound paper.

A wide belt grinding head that offers the option of using the contact roll or platen either individually or in tandem.

An equipment option on wide belt sanders that reduces the feed speed of the work transport system when excessively oversized work enters the machine. This feature improves coated abrasive belt life and reduces machine wear.

A coated abrasive product with a curved (curled) configuration, which bulges inward. The abrasive grain is always in the inside curve (grain side concave).

The relative content of a component usually expressed as a % of total, e.g., grain coverage, amount of inert filler I adhesive bonds, etc.

The wheel, usually rubber, metal, or felt, over which a coated abrasive belt runs and against which work is applied. Aggressiveness varies with density, angle, and depth of

serration (if any) and ratio of groove-width to land-width.

The sanding of irregular-shaped parts or compound moldings.

The workpiece is presented to the abrasive belt opposite the direction the belt is running.

Usually an endless belt configuration that positions, holds, moves, and finally clears workpieces through the abrasive heads on a grinding machine.

A coated abrasive grinding machine on which the workpiece is moved by a belt under the abrading head of the machine.

A coated abrasive product with a curved (curled) configuration which bulges outward. The abrasive grain is always on the outside curve (grain side convex).

The liquid or solution used to cool the workpiece during grinding, and to prevent it from rusting.

Folding of the coated abrasive belt on the contact roll or wheel because it has become stretched in service, or is too flexible for the operation. The term is also used to describe a light scoring of the back of the belt so that it will "hinge" and fit into the complex shape of a hand block.

Essentially Iron Oxide in natural or synthetic form, Crocus coated products are used mostly for cleaning corroded surfaces of polished metals where a minimum of stock removal is desired.

Refers to a scratch created by sanding across or 90 degree to the direction of the wood grain.

That part of a sheet or contact roll face where the thickness or diameter increases from edge to center.

A method of reducing belt joint thickness slightly without top skiving the joint. Used also to reduce abrasive grain aggressiveness at the belt joint to prevent joint loading or marking of the workpiece.

Refers to convex or concave curvature or twisting of a coated abrasive product.

A type of cloth buffing wheel used in conjunction with an aggressive buffing compound to remove minute surface irregularities in preparation for final finishing.

The amount of material removed by a coated abrasive from the workpiece, per unit of time.

Grinding the outside surface of a cylindrical part mounted on centers.

Act of removing burrs from metal.

Coated abrasive discs which have radially-cut slits emanating from the center hole or around the disc periphery. Used primarily in the woodworking industry on felt spools for sanding contoured surfaces and as a flutter sander for machine sanding grooves and routed areas.

The mass of a given substance per unit volume usually expressed in weight/pounds per cubic inch, etc.

Refers to the amount of stock removed during each pass of a sanding or grinding operation. Usually expressed in thousandths of an inch, e.g., depth of cut .125", etc.

The size of a workpiece or coated abrasive product – normally expressed in measurement of length, width, and often depth, e.g., 4’ x 8’ plywood sheet, ¾" thick, or a 4" x 132" belt, or a 9-1/8" x 7/8" (center hole) disc, etc.

Printed on the back of coated abrasive belts, directional arrows point the direction the belt should be run on the machine. Belts manufactured with butt-type joints may be run in either direction and the arrow will point in both directions. Flap Wheels also carry directional arrows signifying propre direction of rotation.

A round, flat coated abrasive product with or without a center clamping hole that is affixed to a rotating plate or back-up pad for portable or stationary grinding. Discs with other-than-round outer peripheries are also manufactured for special applications.

A support pad designed to back-up a coated abrasive disc during grinding.

A machine on which abrasive discs are used for grinding.

Used to secure to back-up pad.

See Burning the Work.

A protrusion, usually on one edge of a coated abrasive belt, at the joint, caused by uneven belt cutting or improper joint alignment at belt pressing.

Tubing that is expanded by forcing the tubing over a mandrel (Drawn Over Mandrel).

A controlled breaking of the adhesive bond of a coated abrasive product at two 45 degree angles to the length.

The diminishing of the value of lumber by creating defects during processing. This commonly occurs during rotary knife planing when tearouts, knot loss, and splitting occur.

A special machine for sanding the dovetails, front and rear, of wooden drawers after assembly.

A unique machine that employs narrow coated abrasive belts to polish drawing dies. The die rotates horizontally on a revolving table. The coated abrasive belt is operated in a vertical plane against the inside diameter of the die. Abrasive belts range from ½" in width to as narrow as 1/8".

A term used to describe the truing or restoring of a platen, contact wheel, cutting tool, etc. to its original configuration.

Any tool or apparatus used for dressing something.

Refers to the coated abrasive wrapped on the drums of a multiple-drum-sanding machine.

Refers to any coated abrasive grinding operation that does not employ a liquid coolant or grinding aid.

The tapering of any of the edges of flat stock which has been processed through a wide belt or drum sander. Most commonly occurs on the leading or trailing edge of the work.

Capable of being readily pressed or drawn or otherwise formed into various shapes without fracturing.

This wearing away of the cutting edges of abrasive grains through use. It occurs to some degree during any abrasive operation and will finally result in inefficient cutting or abrading, at which time the coated abrasive should be discarded or shifted to lighter work, regardless of its appearance.

An instrument used to measure hardness of rubber and other materials. Consists of a small drill or blunt indenter point.

The hardness of a material as measured by a durometer.

Grooving or rounding of the edges of work caused by excessive stock removal at the coated abrasive belt edge. Also called edge snipe.

A machine used for edge sanding in a furniture plant.

The sanding of any furniture components requiring flatness and squareness integrity, such as frame legs, end boards, etc.

A term used to describe a condition in which the abrasive grain "shells" off the edges of a coated abrasive product (usually a belt) during use. Usually caused by too severe an application of the coated abrasive product.

An abrasive that is a natural composite of Corundum and Iron Oxide. The grains are blocky, cut slowly, and tend to polish the material being abraded.

That portion of a cut piece of wood, which exposes the growth rings of a tree. An example is the end of a 2 x 4.

"Federation of European Producers of Abrasives" –

Normally used to describe a European grading system for abrasive grain to differentiate it from the USA A.N.S.I. system. Products graded to the F.E.P.A. system have the letter "P" prior to the grit designation, e.g., P240, P36.

On surface type sanding operations (i.e., stroke sanding), the rate of horizontal feed of the coated abrasive across the work.

On conveyor operations or surface sanding, the distance at which the belt and contact wheel are fed into the work.

A pattern on the work produced by grinding. The finer the finish, the finer and more evident are these lines, due to surface reflectivity. Some types of feed lines (barber pole) indicate incorrect grinding conditions.

Any metal alloy containing iron, usually in major amount.

A very hard, strong, coated abrasive backing material consisting of multiple plies of impregnated paper. Used primarily for disc products.

A strong-coated abrasive backing made by adhering print cloth to 10-mil thick fibre.

A thin projection on a casting.

Generating super fine finishes on a workpiece during the last stages of a coated abrasive polishing operation. Either the last step in polishing, or as preparation for subsequent buffing.

The surface quality of appearance, such as that produced by sanding or polishing.

The final operation which produces the desired finish on the workpiece.

Products manufactured on "A" weight (40 pound) backings, normally in fine grits, usually used to hand-sand for final finish on wood, metal, etc.

Refers to the area in a furniture plant where the primary sanding operations for finishing furniture are performed, including wash coat sanding and sealer sanding.

A spot in a finished coated surface, where the coating is sufficiently thinner than in surrounding areas to cause a visible blemish. This defect is usually caused by the presence on the surface, before coating, of a minute trace of some chemical which prevents easy wetting of the surface by the coating materials. Silicones are one of the most common classes of chemicals oft his type, and, as a consequence, they are rigorously excluded from high-quality coated abrasives.

A device used to hold and position the workpiece during the grinding and polishing operations.

Circular metal plates used to support and drive contact wheels, BEAR-TEX Wheels, or Flap Wheels.

Flat pieces of coated abrasive sheets (flaps) arranged and fastened together on a core like spokes of a wheel. The rotational slapping action of the flaps does the abrading and polishing.

A fin of excess metal along the mold joint line of a casting, occurring between mating die faces of a forging or expelled from a joint in resistance welding.

Mechanical sanding of leather, e.g., leathers that are finished by buffing the flesh side (opposite the grain side) to produce a nap. The term "flesh buffing" refers to the napping process, and is unrelated to the type of animal skin used.

A controlled breaking of the adhesive bond that holds the abrasive grain to the backing of a coated abrasive product.

Grinding the grooves of a twist drill or tap.

Sanding irregular, intricate shapes or carvings which may be found on furniture frames, legs, chair backs, etc. Normally done with eight winged DeLappe Discs folded into a pinwheel configuration.

A frothing of bubbles on the surface of a liquid. Usually refers to "foam" in grinding aids, etc., during the grinding process.

Normally refers to creasing of a coated abrasive belt during use. (See Creasing).

Using compressive force to shape metal by plastic deformation. Dies may be used. Also refers to a piece of work made by forging.

Grinding by holding the work against the coated abrasive by hand; usually called Offhand Grinding.

Referring to the property of a substance capable of being easily rubbed, crumbled, or pulverized into powder.

Abbreviation for Full Top Skive (a type of belt lap joint configuration). All of the grain is removed from the top lap of the joint for smooth running.

Refers to a belt joint condition in which the two joint ends do not butt tightly together. There is a space or "gap" at the point of contact of the belt ends. Condition may lead to premature product failure.

A coated abrasive grain, red in color, made by crushing semi-precious garnet material. Coated on both cloth and paper backings, Garnet is widely used in the woodworking and furniture manufacturing industry.

The part of a casting formed by the opening in the mold through which the metal is poured.

Heat resulting from the removal of metal or wood by a coated abrasive product.

Formation of a layer of the material being ground over the cutting edges of abrasive grains. It can be avoided by proper selection of abrasive, contact wheels, use of fluids or greases, or changing belt speeds.

A coated abrasive adhesive produced by the hydrolysis of animal hides. It is gelatinized by water and dries to form a strong adhesive layer and may be used with or without a filler.

Coated abrasive products that use animal hide glue in both the maker and sizer adhesive coats. The glue may be used alone or with an inert filler or extender.

Gallons per minute.

The process used to separate abrasive grains into specific size groupings.

Abrasive particles classified into predetermined sizes for use on coated abrasive products.

Refers to the shape and structure characteristics of abrasive grain used for coated abrasive products, e.g., blocky, chisel shaped, strong wedges, etc.

The nominal size of the abrasive particle expressed in grit number, e.g., grit 50.

The relative position of the abrasive grain on the coated abrasive product, usually expressed as open-coat or close-coat.

Canvas with a layer of graphite adhered to it. Designed to reduce friction on a platen type grinding machine, it is used between the platen and the back of the belt.

A process by which the abrasive grain is applied to the adhesive coating (of a coated abrasive product) by gravity flow.

Compounds of grease, lubricants and binders sold in "stick" form, which are applied to the coated abrasives during use to retard loading and improve metal finishes.

Removing material with a coated abrasive product, usually referring to the use of coarser grit sizes.

Refers to the cutting ability of, and the finish produced by, a coated abrasive.

The generic term covering coolants and lubricants applied to coated abrasives to improve cut, finish, and durability by reducing heat and loading. May be water, various oils (in emulsion or straight), or greases in stick form.

See Burrs.

A cutting tool of circular shape made of abrasive grains bonded together.

Designation of abrasive grain size, reflecting the number of the smallest openings per linear inch in the screen through which the grain will pass.

Refers to the slots in a serrated contact wheel or roll adjacent to the lands. Land-to-groove ratio has significant bearing on the aggressiveness of a contact wheel.

Metal structures covering exposed moving parts (fly-wheels, gear, etc.), as well as the abrasive product, on a grinding and polishing machine, designed to protect operators from personal injury.

Using a flat block or formed block when sanding with belts or sheets, usually to finish wood workpieces. Flat hand blocks are used to polish flat stock, while formed blocks are sued to sand shaped moldings.

A technique used to improve the finishing characteristic of abrasive belts. The process impacts the voids between abrasive grains with a combination of oil and generated swaff, to retard penetration of the abrasive into the surface being polished, in order to produce uniform, burr-free finishes.

Parallel surface cracks forming a pattern on the surface of a metal as a result of thermal fatigue.

A crack or fissure in a workpiece caused by excessive heat generated during the grinding operation.

Shaving the heels of shoes with a cutter to conform to the shoe shape leaves a ragged, uneven edge. It is necessary to bring (scour) the edge to a smooth, even surface which waxing and burnishing will keep bright and shiny. Scouring is accomplished with silicon carbide coated abrasives.

A device that holds the outer portion of a metal sheet in place during deep drawing operations, in order to keep it from becoming wrinkled. Used to describe any fixture for holding a workpiece in position during a grinding operation.

A protective covering, usually providing special ventilation, to carry away objectionable fumes, dusts, etc., during the grinding process.

A machine part in a belt system (may be adjustable) which provides belt tracking and, in some installations, belt tensioning adjustments.

A configuration of slots or grooves in an idler roll of an abrasive belt machine to prevent coated abrasive belt hydroplaning during a wet grinding operation.

Usually mean cavities denoting impurities in metal workpieces.

A programmed progression of grinding across a surface. To move the "feed" in steps.

A type of rough lumber sanding system employing belts 14" to 30" wide and running with feed speeds up to 700 FPM.

Those grinding operations not considered either heavy stock removal or polishing. Some stock removal present, but primary concern is to remove scratch marks from previous coarse grits. Usually refers to operations using grits 60 through 120.

A casting method designed to achieve high dimensional accuracy for small castings by making a mold of refractory slurry, which sets at room temperature, surrounding a wax pattern which is then melted out to leave a mold without joints.

A reciprocating or oscillating sander that uses a coated abrasive sheet affixed to a felt or rubber back-up for flat sanding of wood.

See Belt Joint.

The angle of the belt joint in relation to the edge of the belt. Expressed in degrees.

A condition describing a belt joint that has taken an inward fix (gulled effect) at the point of joining. On lighter weight products, the hinge will pull out under tension. On heavier products the "hinge" may resist pulling out and could weaken the belt joint and mark the workpiece.

A large roll of coated abrasive product as it is wound after the manufacturing process. Jumbos are then fabricated into finished shapes (sheets, discs, belts, etc.) for industrial and consumer use.

The surface between successive grooves on a contact wheel or roll. The area of the contact wheel that is in actual contact with the workpiece.

Land/Groove Ratio

The ratio of the widths of the land to the grooves on a serrated contact wheel or roll, e.g., land/grove ratio of 2 to 1= 1" land width, ½" groove width.

Coated abrasive belt joints formed by overlapping the two ends of the abrasive material about 3/8" and bonding. The abrasive grain must always be removed (skived) from the bottom lap prior to joining.

A finishing process typ8ically employing loose abrasive grain, now often including similar types of operations with coated abrasives, e.g., crankshaft and bearing lapping for engines.

Tick animal hides are normally split or sliced to a specific thickness for given end uses. The piece that contains the flesh side of the hide is referred to as the "split" and is used in the manufacture of suede jackets, gloves, etc.

A series of opposed, hardened steel rolls on a coil grinding machine that mechanically reduces coil or sheet distortions prior to grinding and/or polishing.

Point at which the workpiece meets the coated abrasive belt on a contact wheel type operation, as opposed to area contact of the workpiece on a platen type application.

A controlled breaking of the adhesive bond of a coated abrasive product in the direction of the length (longitude).

Filling of the spaces between abrasive grains on a coated abrasive product with grinding swarf, resulting in a decrease in stock removal and rate of cut. Loading can be reduced in many operations by using an open coat product construction or a lubricant.

An optional feature on wide belt sanding equipment. A meter that reads out the main motor load during operation. Some meters are calibrated in percent of rated horsepower.

Scratch pattern (long scratches) exhibited on a workpiece after stroke sanding or flat platen type sanding vs. a short ‘scratch" from a contact wheel or roll operation.

Liquid or solutions used to lubricate the coated abrasive for cooling and to promote a more efficient cutting action.

The area of a furniture plant where the rough cut lumber is dimensioned, glued into panels, and machined. The dimensioning portion of this operation is frequently carried out on wide belt abrasive planers.

A platen that is magnetized to hold (secure) ferrous metal parts during the grinding operation.

A machine that manufactures coated abrasive products by combining the backing, adhesive, and abrasive grain.

The process of producing coated abrasive products.

The first adhesive coat which adheres the abrasive grain to the backing of a coated abrasive product, thereby ensuring proper anchoring and orientation of the abrasive grain.

Capable of undergoing plastic deformation without rupture. A property characteristic of metals that makes them easily "workable".

A metal rod or support used to mount SPIRAPOINTS, Pencils, cross and square pads, disc sets, or loose pieces of coated abrasives to be held in the chuck of a grinder for grinding and polishing.

Medium Top Skive – Standard top lap joint skive depth for a TJ coated abrasive belt joint, grits 40 through 80. Some of the grain is removed from the joint top lap.

Dull, as applied to the appearance of a surface.

Highest permissible operating speed (RPM) marked on a coated abrasive disc back-up pad or Flap Wheel.

A measure of surface finish. Usually expressed in RMS (Root Mean Square).

A unit of measure used to compare abrasive grain size, e.g., 1 micron = .000039; grit 320 = approximately 36 microns.

A shiny, highly reflective finish on a workpiece. Distortion –free, without flaw.

A grinding machine constructed in similar sections (modules), that can be added to or taken away, depending on the particular application, e.g., adding or subtracting head units from a centerless grinder.

An empirical scale consisting of 10 minerals, with reference to which the hardness of all other minerals is measured. It includes softest mineral (designated 1 to hardest 10: talc, gypsum, calcite, fluorite, opatile, orthoclase, quartz, topaz, corundum, and diamond.

A preshaped back-up block that is positioned in back of an abrasive belt that will conform to the molding being processed or finished. Blocks can either be held by hand and guided over the straight line molding, or held in a stationary fixture and the operator or sander pushes the molded stock against it. In all cases, the coated abrasive belt is held

between the sanding block and the work.

Sanding and finishing of wood moldings using a mold block and very flexible coated abrasive belts.

A butt type belt joint similar in construction to PLYWELD. This joint utilizes a very thin plastic patch material designed to give "bump free" operation of the belt when the joint is run over a steel platen or used with a very hard contact wheel.

Describes a small, thin wooden file-shaped board to which coated abrasive products are affixed to each side; usually fine grit Flint on one side – fine grit Garnet on the other. Used to file and trim fingernails.

Used to differentiate abrasives that occur in nature as opposed to electric furnace type abrasives. Natural abrasives used for coated abrasives are Garnet, Flint, Crocus and Emery.

Any metal other than iron ad its alloys.

No Top Skive – A coated abrasive belt lap joint with no skiving of the top lap, i.e. no grain is removed from the top lap.

Original Equipment Manufacturer – Refers to manufacturers of equipment that utilizes coated abrasive products.

Applying the workpiece manually to the moving coated abrasive, as when holding it freehand against an abrasive belt.

Term used by polishers to describe the operation of using a fine grit abrasive, usually with oil or a grease stick applied to the belt, to achieve the final workpiece finish.

A coated abrasive product in which the abrasive grain covers approximately 50% to 70% of the coat side surface.

The speed of a coated abrasive product in use, expressed in either revolutions per minute or surface feet per minute.

An irregular ripple pattern on a pickled or painted surface similar in appearance to the pattern on the skin of an orange. It must be removed by adequate sanding to obtain a perfect finish.

A slight, repetitive lateral movement of a belt on its pulleys, designed to break up parallel scratch patterns, produce fine finishes, and dislodge swarf particles.

A pad type sander with a coated abrasive sheet fastened thereon, which uses a short, high-speed oscillating stroke, producing fast stock removal.

The amount of lumber obtained from a given log above a target amount determined before processing.

See F.E.P.A.

A small, handheld machine using coated abrasive sheets fastened to the pad.

A line or seam on a cast or molded part corresponding to the joint of mold parts.

Sometimes called "cartridge rolls", pencils consist of a continuous strip of aluminum oxide cloth wound around a center hole designed to accept the mandrel of a high-speed power tool.

The speed at which any point on the outside periphery of a rotating tool is traveling when the tool or wheel is revolving. Expressed in surface feet per minute (S.F.P.M.) and determined by multiplying the circumference in feet by the wheel or disc revolutions per minute.

Preferential removal of oxide or mill scale from the surface of a metal by immersion usually in an acidic or alkaline solution.

A set or series of opposed rolls (usually rubber), which apply pressure to the work piece to maintain proper feed rate and workpiece alignment during the abrasive grinding operations.

Small holes in the surface of a metal, usually caused by corrosion or formed during electroplating operations.

Instrument used to determine the flow properties of a thermoplastic resin by forcing molten resin through a specified die opening or orifice at a given pressure and temperature.

A flat or shaped support which backs up a coated abrasive belt in the area where the workpiece is applied. Usually metal or wood, the platen may be surfaced with resilient material and a lubricant such as graphite covered canvas.

A coated abrasive machine utilizing a platen. The platen provides an area contact to the coated abrasive. Unit pressures are usually low.

The grinding or polishing of an entire surface in one thrust as opposed to several passes. Direct infeed is used; there is no cross-feed. The abrasive belt must be wider than the workpiece.

Contour sanding of chair stock and related parts with coated abrasive sleeves mounted on canvas-covered inflatable rubber drums.

Act of smoothing off the roughness or putting a high finish on metal by using a coated abrasive polishing belt.

A machine that uses setup wheels or buffs for polishing. Very easily converted to use coated abrasive belts.

A synthetic cloth material used as a backing for coated abrasive products.

A coated abrasive sanding machine that is used by hand (manually) and can be easily transported, e.g., portable disc and belt sanders.

A coated abrasive paper used to "pounce" or finish felt hats. The pouncing process removes hair fibres, producing a smooth, even nap on hat crowns and brims.

Work which is required to be exact in measurements, finish, etc. Work that must be ground with great care.

Using a pneumatic or hydraulic fixture to present the workpiece to the belt. Incorporates uniform and faster stock removal by maintaining constant pressure; lessens operator fatigue; eliminates overgrinding and ensures part uniformity.

Refers to the surface configuration of a workpiece, namely. Detail of grinding surface, finish, flatness, etc.

An instrument for measuring the degree of surface smoothness in micro inches, "RMS".

An adhesive applied to the backing of coated abrasive products which permits easy product application and removal to and from a back-up pad.

A unit of pressure equal to the pressure resulting from a force of one pound applied uniformly over an area of one square inch.

Inflatable drums made of rubber covered with a canvas boot, used for contour sanding chair stock and related parts. The abrasive cloth sleeve is mounted and the drum is inflated to whatever density is required.

Coated abrasive product that is made for mounting on a pneumatic pump drum.

A controlled breaking of the adhesive bond of a coated abrasive product providing a uniform flex over the entire abrasive surface in all directions. The excellent conformability of Q-Flex makes it ideal for belt grinding over the edges of contact rolls and similar operations.

A non-directional scratch pattern generated on a workpiece during a coated abrasive grinding operation.

Used in centerless grinding, regulating belts are either a coated abrasive product or made from leather or a rubber belting composition. They are run over a steel platen, normally with a carbide insert to prevent wear, and function the same as the regulating wheel.

Used in centerless grinding, regulating wheels function both as a frictional driving and braking element, rotating the work at a constant and uniform surface speed.

A synthetic adhesive used as a bonding coat for coated abrasive products.

A measure of surface finish.

A measure of hardness of a material as determined by the Rockwell hardness test.

A machine for grinding cylindrical rolls, used for rolling metal, paper, or rubber.

A form of coated abrasives (usually in 50 yd. Lengths) in widths from ½" to 52". Sold in roll form to be converted by the customer.

The first grinding operation for reducing stock rapidly without regard for the quality of the finish.

Refers to the first sanding operation on lumber, after the sawing operation.

Revolutions per minute.

The final phrase of finishing in which the part surface is "rubbed " by machine or hand to give the required lustre.

Designates a department in a furniture plant that is devoted primarily to machine sanding of dimension stock prior to assembly.

A smooth but not highly reflective surface finish on metal.

A precision leveling of the coated abrasive surface to ensure against scratching of soft materials.

Belts with edges slit in the pattern of a scallop. Used to overhand the edge of a contact wheel to grind or polish a fillet in a workpiece.

An instrument for determining the relative hardness of material by a drop and rebound method.

Coated abrasive roll material with parallel slits evenly spaced in the length direction. Used for making assemblies.

Marks left on a ground surface by dirty coolant contamination or improper coated abrasive specification for the operation.

A coat of finishing material (generally nitrocellulose in nature) designed to close the pores on wood and promote adhesion of subsequent finishing materials.

Removing the roughness or surface impurities from the sealer coat surface prior to the finish lacquer coat.

Smoothing and easing of the edges and corners of flat glass prior to tempering.

A coated abrasive belt made of sections spliced together to produce belt widths greater than the maximum product coating width. Contains two or more joints per belt.

Contact roll or wheel with grooves milled into the face to increase the cutting action of the coated abrasive belt and prolong belt life.

Surface Feet Per Minute.

Term used to denote the loss of abrasive grain from a product during the grinding process.

See Shedding.

Technically referred to as a platen or smoothing bar. A flat metal support located behind the coated abrasive belt. Frequently faced with felt or vinyl foam tape to provide resiliency.

A method of rating the hardness of rubber, plastic, or other material.

Generated by a contact roll application as opposed to a stroke sander or platen type operation.

An abrasive made from coke and silica sand (SIC).

A controlled breaking of the adhesive bond of a coated abrasive product at a 90 degree angle to the length. The coated abrasive product is stiff in one direction, flexible in the other.

Second adhesive coat applied to a coated abrasive product. The "size" coat unites with the maker coat and insures the final anchoring of the grain and propre total adhesive level to the finished product.

Refers to the grain removal and taper operation performed on both laps (ends) of coated abrasive belt prior to joining the two laps necessary in order to achieve adequate joint adhesion and desired joint thickness.

A machine configuration in which the workpiece is presented to the coated abrasive belt in the area between the two pulleys. Work applied to unsupported area of belt.

A wide belt conveyor type grinding operation that replaces portable tool grinding methods for removing slag, scale, and torch splatter from the surface and edges of flame cut and/or plasma cut steel parts.

Thin, elongated fragments of metal that have been rolled into the surface of the parent metal and are attached by only one end.

Coated abrasive discs containing numerous radial slots cut from the outside periphery.

Refers to a coating method in which the abrasive grain and adhesive are mixed together and metered onto the backing in one continuous coating.

A platen type device backing up the coated abrasive belt at the point of contact with the workpiece. Usually covered with graphite canvas to reduce frictional heat. Used on wide belt machines in woodworking, particleboard and plywood sanding to promote better finishes.

Grinding the gates, fins, and sprues from castings.

An emulsifying oil which, when mixed with water, forms an emulsion. Soluble oil mixtures are sometimes used to achieve better finishing than can be produced by dry grinding or by water alone. The water frees the belt of particles and the oil prevents rust from forming on the exposed machine part.

Coated abrasive forms other than sheets, rolls, belts and discs, e.g., assemblies, Flap Wheels, cones, etc.

See Arbor.

Sanding convex or concave profiles on curves such as mirror frames, headboards, and other compound shapes. See Product Application and Selection Section for Spool Sanding.

A method of supplying coolant to the workpiece or coated abrasive belt during metal finishing operations, as opposed to a full flood coat.

A burr caused by stamping dies.

A support for workpieces being ground on a cylindrical grinding machine.

Refers to a simple reciprocating type hand sander as opposed to a sander employing orbital motion.

Refers to a method of applying a workpiece to the unsupported portion of a belt, to conform to irregular shapes. Also, refers to a method of hand application of coated abrasives, i.e., using a strip of coated abrasives shoeshine fashion.

See Back Pass.

Elongation of a coated abrasive product during use (normally refers to stretch of the coated abrasive belt.)

The process of removing stains, oils, films, oxide skins, and any other surface defects that would disqualify coils or strip steel from being used as decorative trim.

See Shedding.

A machine that makes sanding contact by "stroking" the back of a moving coated abrasive belt with a back-up block or pad. Essentially, these machines consist of two or more pulleys over which the coated abrasive belt travels, a table which supports the workpiece, and means for applying pressure and movement along the belt.

Abrasive grain more wedge shaped and/or blocky in shape as opposed to a slivery or weakened shape (needle) grains.

Refers to the process of producing a velvet finish on the flesh side of leather, cloth, etc.

The quality of a workpiece finish expressed in RMS or other quantifiable or subjective measure.

A machine for grinding or finishing plane (flat) surfaces.

The mixture of workpiece residue and abrasive particles with grinding aid (water, oil) created by abrading action.

A grinding machine suspended by a chain at the balance point so that it may be turned and swung in any direction, for the grinding of billets, large castings, or other heavy work.

Grinding marks or scratch patters left by rotational type tools.

Refers to a coated abrasive cloth backing other than cotton, e.g., Polyester, Rayon, etc.

That part of the grinding machine which directly or indirectly supports the work being ground.

The heat treatment of a